1.What is AngularJS ?
“AngularJS is a JavaScript framework which simplifies binding JavaScript objects with HTML UI elements.”
Let us try to understand the above definition with simple sample code.
Below is a simple “Customer” function with “CustomerName” property.
We have also created an object called as “Cust” which is of “Customer” class type.
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function Customer()
{
this.CustomerName = "AngularInterview";
}
var Cust = new Customer();
Now let us say the above customer object we want to bind to a HTML text box called as “TxtCustomerName”.
In other words when we change something in the HTML text box the customer object should get updated and when something is changed internally in the customer object the UI should get updated.
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<input type=text id="TxtCustomerName" onchange="UitoObject()"/>
So in order to achieve this communication between UI to object developers end up writing functions as shown below. “UitoObject” function takes data from UI and sets it to the object while the other function “ObjecttoUI” takes data from the object and sets it to UI.
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function UitoObject()
{
Cust.CustomerName = $("#TxtCustomerName").val();
}
function ObjecttoUi()
{
$("#TxtCustomerName").val(Cust.CustomerName);
}
So if we analyze the above code visually it looks something as shown below. Your both functions are nothing but binding code logic which transfers data from UI to object and vice versa.
Now the same above code can be written in Angular as shown below. The javascript class is attached to a HTML parent div tag using “ng-controller” directive and the properties are binded directly to the text box using “ng-model” declarative.
So now whatever you type in the textbox updates the “Customer” object and when the “Customer” object gets updated it also updates the UI.
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<div ng-controller="Customer">
<input type=text id="txtCustomerName" ng-model="CustomerName"/>
</div>
In short if you now analyze the above code visually you end up with something as shown in the below figure.You have the VIEW which is in HTML, your MODEL objects which are javascript functions and the binding code in Angular.
Now that binding code have different vocabularies.
Some developers called it “ViewModel” because it connects the “Model” and the “View” .
Some call it “Presenter” because this logic is nothing but presentation logic.
Some term it has “Controller” because it controls how the view and the model will communicate.
To avoid this vocabulary confusion Angular team has termed this code as “Whatever”. It’s that “Whatever” code which binds the UI and the Model. That’s why you will hear lot of developers saying Angular implements “MVW” architecture.
2.Explain Directives in Angular?
Directives are attributes decorated on the HTML elements. All directives start with the word “ng”. As the name says directive it directs Angular what to do.
For example below is a simple “ng-model” directive which tells angular that the HTML textbox “txtCustomerName” has to be binded with the “CustomerName” property.
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<input type=text id="txtCustomerName" ng-model="CustomerName"/>
Some of the most commonly used directives are ng-app,ng-controller and ng-repeat.
3. What are controllers and need of ng-controller and ng-model in Angular?
“Controllers” are simple javascript function which provides data and logic to HTML UI. As the name says controller they control how data flows from the server to HTML UI.
For example below is simple “Customer” controller which provides data via “CustomerName” and “CustomerCode” property and Add/ Update logic to save the data to database.
Note: - Do not worry too much about the $scope , we will discuss the same in the next question.
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function Customer($scope)
{
$scope.CustomerName = "Shiv";
$scope.CustomerCode = "1001";
$scope.Add = function () {
}
$scope.Update = function () {
}
}
“ng-controller” is a directive.Controllers are attached to the HTML UI by using the “ng-controller” directive tag and the properties of the controller are attached by using “ng-model” directive. For example below is a simple HTML UI which is attached to the “Customer” controller via the “ng-controller” directive and the properties are binded using “ng-model” directive.
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<div ng-controller="Customer">
<input type=text id="CustomerName" ng-model="CustomerName"/><br />
<input type=text id="CustomerCode" ng-model="CustomerCode"/>
</div>
4. What are expressions in Angular?
Angular expressions are unit of code which resolves to value. This code is written inside curly braces “{“.
Below are some examples of angular expressions:-
The below expression adds two constant values.
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{{1+1}}
The below expression multiplies quantity and cost to get the total value.
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The value total cost is {{ quantity * cost }}
The below expression displays a controller scoped variable.
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<div ng-controller="CustomerVM">
The value of Customer code is {{CustomerCode}}
</div>
The value of Customer code is {{CustomerCode}}
5. How can we initialize Angular application data?
We can use “ng-init” directive to achieve the same. You can see in the below example we have used “ng-init” directive to initialize the “pi” value.
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<body ng-app="myApp" ng-init="pi=3.14">
The value of pi is {{pi}}
</body>
6. Explain $scope in Angular?
“$scope” is an object instance of a controller. “$scope” object instance get’s created when “ng-controller” directive is encountered.
For example in the below code snippet we have two controllers “Function1” and “Function2”. In both the controllers we have a “ControllerName” variable.
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function Function1($scope)
{
$scope.ControllerName = "Function1";
}
function Function2($scope)
{
$scope.ControllerName = "Function2";
}
Now to attach the above controllers to HTML UI we need to use “ng-controller” directive. For instance you can see in the below code snippet how “ng-controller” directive attaches “function1” with “div1” tag and “function2” with “div2” tag.
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<div id=”div1” ng-controller="Function1">
Instance of {{ControllerName}} created
</div>
<div id=”div2” ng-controller="Function2">
Instance of {{ControllerName}} created
</div>
So this is what happens internally. Once the HTML DOM is created Angular parser starts running on the DOM and following are the sequence of events:-
The parser first finds “ng-controller” directive which is pointing to “Function1”. He creates a new instance of “$scope” object and connects to the “div1” UI.
The parser then starts moving ahead and encounters one more “ng-controller” directive which is pointing to “Function2”. He creates a new instance of “$scope” object and connects to the “div2” UI.
Now once the instances are created, below is a graphical representation of the same. So the “DIV1” HTML UI is binded with “function1” $scope instance and the “DIV2” HTML UI is binded with “function2” $scope instance. In other words now anything changes in the $scope object the UI will be updated and any change in the UI will update the respective $scope object.
7. What is “$rootScope” and how is it related with “$scope”?
“$rootScope” is a parent object of all “$scope” angular objects created in a web page.
Let us understand how Angular does the same internally. Below is a simple Angular code which has multiple “DIV” tags and every tag is attached to a controller. So let us understand step by step how angular will parse this and how the “$rootScope” and “$scope” hierarchy is created.
The Browser first loads the above HTML page and creates a DOM (Document object model) and Angular runs over the DOM.Below are the steps how Angular creates the rootscope and scope objects.
Step 1:- Angular parser first encounters the “ng-app” directive and creates a “$rootScope” object in memory.
Step 2:- Angular parser moves ahead and finds the expression {{SomeValue}}. It creates a variable
Step 3:- Parser then finds the first “DIV” tag with “ng-controller” directive which is pointing to “Function1” controller. Looking at the “ng-controller” directive it creates a “$scope” object instance for “Function1” controller. This object it then attaches to “$rootScope” object.
Step 4:- Step 3 is then repeated by the parser every time it finds a “ng-controller” directive tag. Step 5 and Step 6 is the repetition of Step 3.
If you want to test the above fundamentals you can run the below sample Angular code. In the below sample code we have created controllers “Function1” and “Function2”. We have two counter variables one at the root scope level and other at the local controller level.
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<script language="javascript">
function Function1($scope, $rootScope)
{
$rootScope.Counter = (($rootScope.Counter || 0) + 1);
$scope.Counter = $rootScope.Counter;
$scope.ControllerName = "Function1";
}
function Function2($scope, $rootScope)
{
$rootScope.Counter = (($rootScope.Counter || 0) + 1);
$scope.ControllerName = "Function2";
}
var app = angular.module("myApp", []); // creating a APP
app.controller("Function1", Function1); // Registering the VM
app.controller("Function2", Function2);
</script>
Below is the HTML code for the same. You can we have attached “Function1” and “Function2” two times with “ng-controller” which means four instances will be created.
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<body ng-app="myApp" id=1>
Global value is {{Counter}}<br />
<div ng-controller="Function1">
Child Instance of {{ControllerName}} created :- {{Counter}}
</div><br />
<div ng-controller="Function2">
Child Instance of {{ControllerName}} created :- {{Counter}}
</div><br />
<div ng-controller="Function1">
Child Instance of {{ControllerName}} created :- {{Counter}}
</div><br />
<div ng-controller="Function2">
Child Instance of {{ControllerName}} created :- {{Counter}}
</div><br />
</body>
Above is the output of the code you can see the global variable of root scope has be incremented four times because four instances of $scope have been created inside “$rootScope” object.
8. Do I need Jquery for Angular?
No , you do not need Jquery for Angular. It’s independent of Jquery.
9. How is the data binding in Angular ?
Its two way binding. So whenever you make changes in one entity the other entity also gets updated.
10. Explain compile and link phase?
At the heart Angular framework is a parser. A parser which parses the Angular directives and render’s HTML output.
Angular parser works in 3 steps:-
Step 1:- HTML browser parses the HTML and creates a DOM (Document Object Model).
Step 2:- Angular framework runs over this DOM looks at the Angular directives and manipulates the DOM accordingly.
Step 3:- This manipulated is then rendered as HTML in the browser.
Now the above angular parsing is not so simple as it looks to be. It occurs in two phases “Compile” and “Link”. Firs the compile phase occurs then the link phase.
In compile phase the angular parser starts parsing the DOM and whenever the parser encounters a directive it create a function. These functions are termed as template or compiled functions. In this phase we do not have access to the $scope data.
In the link phase the data i.e. ($scope) is attached to the template function and executed to get the final HTML output.
11. How do we make HTTP get and post calls in Angular?
To make HTTP calls we need to use the “$http” service of Angular. In order to use the http services you need to make provide the “$http” as a input in your function parameters as shown in the below code.
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function CustomerController($scope,$http)
{
$scope.Add = function()
{
$http({ method: "GET", url: "http://localhost:8438/SomeMethod" }).success(function (data, status, headers, config)
{
// Here goes code after success
}
}
}
“$http” service API needs atleast three things:-
First what is the kind of call “POST” or “GET”.
Second the resource URL on which the action should happen.
Third we need to define the “success” function which will be executed once we get the response from the server.
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$http({ method: "GET", url: "http://localhost:8438/SomeMethod" }).success(function (data, status, headers, config)
{
// Here goes code after success
}
12. How do we pass data using HTTP POST in Angular ?
You need to pass data using the “data” keyword in the “$http” service API function. In the below code you can see we have created a javascript object “myData” with “CustomerName” property. This object is passed in the “$http” function using HTTP POST method.
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Var myData = {};
myData.CustomerName = “Test”;
$http({ method: "POST",
data: myData,
url: "http://www.xyz.com"})
.success(function (data, status, headers, config)
{
// Here goes code after success
}
13. What is dependency injection and how does it work in Angular?
Dependency injection is a process where we inject the dependent objects rather than consumer creating the objects. DI is everywhere in Angular or we can go one step ahead and say Angular cannot work without DI.
For example in the below code “$scope” and “$http” objects are created and injected by the angular framework. The consumer i.e. “CustomerController” does not create these objects himself rather Angular injects these objects.
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function CustomerController($scope,$http)
{
// your consumer would be using the scope and http objects
}
14. How does DI benefit in Angular?
There are two big benefits of DI: - Decoupling and Testing.
Let’s first start with Decoupling. Consider your application has a logger functionality which helps to log errors , warning etc in some central place. This central place can be a file, event viewer, database etc.
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function FileLogger()
{
this.Log = function () {
alert("File logger");
};
}
function EventLogger()
{
this.Log = function () {
alert("Event viewer logger");
};
}
Now let’s say you have a “Customer” class who wants to use the “Logger” classes. Now which “Logger” class to use depends on configuration.
So the code of “Customer” is something as shown below. So depending on the configuration “Customer” class either creates “FileLogger” or it creates “EventLogger” object.
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function Customer($scope, Logger)
{
$scope.Logger = {};
if (config.Loggertype = "File")
{
$scope.Logger = new FileLogger();
}
else
{
$scope.Logger = new EventLogger();
}
}
But with DI our code becomes something as shown below. The “Customer” class says he is not worried from where the “Logger” object comes and which type of “Logger” objects are needed .He just wants to use the “Logger” object.
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function Customer($scope,$http, Logger)
{
$scope.Logger = Logger;
}
With this approach when a new “Logger” object gets added the “Customer” class does not have to worry about the new changes because the dependent objects are injected by some other system.
The second benefit of DI is testing. Let’s say you want to test the “Customer” class and you do not have internet connection. So your “$http” object method calls can throw errors. But now you can mock a fake “$http” object and run your customer class offline without errors.The fake object is injected using DI.
15. What are services in Angular?
Service helps to implement dependency injection. For instance let’s say we have the below “Customer” class who needs “Logger” object. Now “Logger” object can be of “FileLogger” type or “EventLogger” type.
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function Customer($scope,$http, Logger)
{
$scope.Logger = Logger;
}
So you can use the “service” method of the application and tie up the “EventLogger” object with the “Logger” input parameter of the “Customer” class.
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var app = angular.module("myApp", []); // creating a APP
app.controller("Customer", Customer); // Registering the VM
app.service("Logger", EventLogger); // Injects a global Event logger object
So when the controller object is created the “EventLogger” object is injected automatically in the controller class.
16. Are Service object instances global or local?
Angular Services create and inject global instances. For example below is a simple “HitCounter” class which has a “Hit” function and this function increments the variable count internally every time you call hit the button.
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function HitCounter()
{
var i = 0;
this.Hit = function ()
{
i++;
alert(i);
};
}
This “HitCounter” class object is injected in “MyClass” class as shown in the below code.
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function MyClass($scope, HitCounter)
{
$scope.HitCounter = HitCounter;
}
Below code advises the Angular framework to inject “HitCounter” class instance in the “MyClass” class. Read the last line of the below code specially which says to inject the inject the “HitCounter” instance.
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var app = angular.module("myApp", []); // creating a APP
app.controller("MyClass", MyClass); // Registering the VM
app.service("HitCounter", HitCounter); // Injects the object
Now let’s say that the “Controller” “MyClass” is attached to twodiv tag’s as shown in the below figure.
So two instances of “MyClass” will be created. When the first instance of “MyClass” is created a “HitCounter” object instance is created and injected in to “MyClass” first instance.
When the second instance of “MyClass” is created the same “HitCounter” object instance is injected in to second instance of “MyClass”.
Again I repeat the same instance is injected in to the second instance, new instances are not created.
If you execute the above code you will see counter values getting incremented even if you are coming through different controller instances.
17. What is a Factory in Angular?
“Factory” in real world means a premise where products are manufactured. Let’s take an example of a computer manufacturing firm. Now the company produces different kinds and sizes of computers likelaptops,desktops, tablets etc.
Now the process of manufacturing the computer products are same with slight variation. To manufacture any computer we need processor, RAM and hard disk. But depending on what kind of final case packing is the final product shapes.
That’s what the use of Factory in Angular.
For example see the below code we have a “Customer”, “Phone” and “Address” class.
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function Customer()
{
this.CustomerCode = "1001";
this.CustomerName = "Shiv";
}
function Phone()
{
this.PhoneNumber = "";
}
function Address()
{
this.Address1 = "";
this.Address2 = "";
}
So now we would create different types of “Customer” object types using the combination of “Address” and “Phones” object.
We would like to combine “Customer” with “Address” and create a “Customer” object which has “Address” collection inside it.
Or must be we would like to create “Customer” object with “Phone” objects inside it.
Or must be “Customer” object with both “Phone” and “Address” objects.
In other words we would like to have different permutation and combination to create different types of “Customer” objects.
So let’s start from bottom. Let’s create two factory function’s one which creates “Address” object and the other which creates “Phone” objects.
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functionCreateAddress()
{
var add = new Address();
return add;
}
functionCreatePhone()
{
var phone = new Phone();
return phone;
}
Now let’s create a main factory function which uses the above two small factory functions and gives us all the necessary permutation and combination.
In the below factory you can see we have three functions:-
“CreateWithAddress” which creates “Customer” with “Address” objects inside it.
“CreateWithPhone” which creates “Customer” object with “Phone” objects inside it.
“CreateWithPhoneAddress” which creates “Customer” object with aggregated “Phone” and “Address” objects.
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function CreateCustomer() {
return {
CreateWithAddress: function () {
varcust = new Customer();
cust.Address = CreateAddress();
returncust;
},
CreateWithPhone: function () {
varcust = new Customer();
cust.Phone = {};
cust.Phone = CreatePhone();
returncust;
}
,
CreateWithPhoneAddress: function () {
debugger;
varcust = new Customer();
cust.Phone = CreatePhone();
cust.Address = CreateAddress();
returncust;
}
}
}
Below is a simple “CustomerController” which takes “CustomerFactory” as the input. Depending on “TypeOfCustomer” it creates with “Address” , “Phones” or both of them.
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functionCustomerController($scope, Customerfactory)
{
$scope.Customer = {};
$scope.Init = function(TypeofCustomer)
{
if (TypeofCustomer == "1")
{
$scope.Customer = Customerfactory.CreateWithAddress();
}
if (TypeofCustomer == "2")
{
$scope.Customer = Customerfactory.CreateWithPhone();
}
if (TypeofCustomer == "3") {
$scope.Customer = Customerfactory.CreateWithPhoneAddress();
}
}
}
You also need to tell Angular that the “CreateCustomer” method needs to be passed in the input. For that we need to call the “Factory” method and map the “CreateCustomer” method with the input parameter “CustomerFactory” for dependency injection.
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var app = angular.module("myApp", []); // creating a APP
app.controller("CustomerController", CustomerController); // Register the VM
app.factory("Customerfactory", CreateCustomer);
So if we consume the “CustomerController” in UI , depending on situation it creates different flavors of “Customer” object. You can in the below code we have three different “DIV” tags and depending on the “TypeofCustomer” we are displaying data.
18. What is the difference between Factory and Service?
“Factory” and “Service” are different ways of doing DI (Dependency injection) in angular. Please read the previous question to understand what is DI.
So when we define DI using “service” as shown in the code below. This creates a new GLOBAL instance of the “Logger” object and injects it in to the function.
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app.service("Logger", Logger); // Injects a global object
When you define DI using a “factory” it does not create a instance. It just passes the method and later the consumer internally has to make calls to the factory for object instances.
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app.factory("Customerfactory", CreateCustomer);
Below is a simple image which shows visually how DI process for “Service” is different than “Factory”.
Factory Service Usage When we want to create different types of objects depending on scenarios. For example depending on scenario we want to create a simple “Customer” object , or “Customer” with “Address” object or “Customer” with “Phone” object. See the previous question for more detailed understanding. When we have utility or shared functions to be injected like Utility , Logger , Error handler etc.
Instance No Instance created. A method pointer is passed. Global and Shared instance is created.
19. How are validations implemented in Angular?
Angular leverages HTML 5 validations and new form element types to implement validation.
For instance below is a simple form which has two text boxes. We have used HTML 5 “required” validation attribute and a form element of type “email”.
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<form name="frm1" id="frm1" >
Name :- <input type=text name="CustomerName" id="CustomerName" required /> Email :- <input type=email name="Email" id="Email" />
<input type=submit value="Click here"/>
</form>
Below are some example of new form elements introduced in HTML 5 and Angular works with almost all of them :-
Color.
Date
Datetime-local
Email
Time
Url
Range
Telephone
Number
Search
When you run the above HTML inside a browser which understands HTML 5 , you will see your validations and form types in actions as shown in the below browser screen shot.
Angular leverages HTML 5 validation attributes and new HTML 5 form elements. Now if we want Angular to handle validation we need first stop HTML 5 to do validation. So for that the first step is to specify “novalidate” attribute on the form tag.
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<form name="frm1" novalidate>
-----
</form>
So now the HTML will not fire those validations it will be routed to the Angular engine to further take actions.
In other words when end user fills data in the HTML UI , validation events are routed to Angular framework and depending on scenario Angular sets a field called as “$Valid”. So if the validations are fine it sets it to “True” or else its sets it to “False”.
So you can see in the below code we have attached the angular controller and models to the text boxes. Watch the code of the button it has “ng-disabled” attribute which is set via the “$Valid” property in a NEGATED fashion.
Negated fashion means when there is no error it should enable the button and when there are errors that means it’s false it should disable the button.
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<form name="frm1" novalidate>
Name:-<input type=text ng-model="Customer.CustomerName" name="CustomerName" required />
Email :- <input type=email ng-model="Customer.Email" name="Email" />
<input type=submit value="Click here" ng-disabled="!(frm1.$valid)"/>
</form>
Note :- “Name” is needed for the validations to work.
20. How to check error validation for a specific field?
To check for a specific field you need to use the below DOM code.
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!frm1.CustomerName.$valid
21. What does SPA (Single page application) mean?
SPA is a concept where rather loading pages from the server by doing post backs we create a single shell page or master page and load the webpages inside that master page.
How can we implement SPA with Angular?
By using Angular routes.
22. How to implement routing in Angular?
Implementing Angular route is a five step process: -
Step 1: - Add the “Angular-route.js” file to your view.
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<script src="~/Scripts/angular-route.js"></script>
Step 2: - Inject “ngroute” functionality while creating Angular app object.
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var app = angular.module("myApp", ['ngRoute']);
Step 3: - Configure the route provider.
In route provider we need to define which URL pattern will load which view. For instance in the below code we are saying “Home” loads “Yoursite/Home” view and “Search” loads “YourSite/Search” view.
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app.config(['$routeProvider',
function ($routeProvider) {;
$routeProvider.
when('/Home, {
templateUrl: 'Yoursite/Home',
controller: 'HomeController'
}).
when('/Search', {
templateUrl: YourSite/Search',
controller: 'SearchController'
}).
otherwise({
redirectTo: '/'
});
}]);
Step 4: - Define hyperlinks.
Define hyper link with the “#” structure as shown below. So now when user clicks on the below anchor hyperlinks, these actions are forwarded to route provider and router provider loads the view accordingly.
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Home
Search
Step 5: - Define sections where to load the view.
Once the action comes to the router provider it needs a place holder to load views. That’s defined by using the “ng-view” tag on a HTML element. You can see in the below code we have created a “DIV” tag with a place holder. So the view will load in this section.
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So if we summarize angular routing is a three step process (Below is a visual diagram for the same): -
Step 1: - End user clicks on a hyperlink or button and generates action.
Step 2: - This action is routed to the route provider.
Step 3: - Router provider scans the URL and loads the view in the place holder defined by “ng-view” attribute.
23. How can we create a custom directive in Angular?
Till now we have looked in to predefined Angular directives like “ng-controller”,”ng-model” and so on. But what if we want to create our own custom Angular directive and attach it with HTML elements as shown in the below code.
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<div id=footercompany-copy-right></div>
To create a custom directive we need to use the “directive” function to register the directive with angular application. When we call the “register” method of “directive” we need to specify the function which will provide the logic for that directive.
For example in the below code we have created a copy right directive and it returns a copy right text.
Please note “app” is an angular application object which has been explained in the previous sections.
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app.directive('companyCopyRight', function ()
{
return
{
template: '@CopyRight questpond.com '
};
});
The above custom directive can be later used in elements as shown in below code.
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<div ng-controller="CustomerViewModel">
<div company-copy-right></div>
</div>
24. What kind of naming conventions is used for custom directives?
For angular custom directive the best practice is to follow camel casing and that also with atleast two letter’s. In camel case naming convention we start with a small letter, followed by a capital letter for every word.
Some example of camel cases are “loopCounter” , “isValid” and so on.
So when you register a custom directive it should be with camel case format as shown in the below code “companyCopyRight”.
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app.directive('companyCopyRight', function ()
{
return
{
template: '@CopyRight questpond.com '
};
});
Later when this directive is consumed inside HTML before each capital letter of camel case we need to insert a “-“ as specified in the below code.
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<div company-copy-right></div>
If you are making a one letter prefix like “copyright” it’s very much possible that tomorrow if HTML team creates a tag with the same name, it will clash with your custom directive. That’s why angular team recommends camel case which inserts a “-“ in between to avoid further collision with future HTML tag’s.
25. What are the different custom directive types in AngularJS?
There are different flavors of Angular directives depending till what level you want to restrict your custom directive.
In other words do you want your custom directive to be applied only on HTML element or only on an attribute or just to CSS etc.
So in all there are four different kinds of custom directives:-
Element directives (E)
Attribute directives (A)
CSS class directives (C)
Comment directives (M)
Below is a simple custom directive implementation at the element level.
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myapp.directive('userinfo', function()
{
var directive = {};
directive.restrict = 'E';
directive.template = "User : {{user.firstName}} {{user.lastName}}";
return directie;
});
The “restrict” property is set to “E” which means that this directive can only be used at element level as shown in the code snippet below.
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<userinfo></userinfo>
If you try to use it at an attribute level as shown in the below code it will not work.
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<div userinfo></div>
So “E” for element, “A” for attribute, “C” for CSS and “M” for comments.
26. What if I want custom directives to be applied on element as well as attributes ?
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directive.restrict = 'EA';
27. Can I set an Angular directive template to a HTML web page?
Yes, you can set template to page directly by using “templateUrl” property of the directive as shown in the code snippet below.
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directive.templateUrl = "/templates/footer.html";